Understanding the nature of intelligence is one of the greatest challenges in science and technology today. Making significant progress toward this goal will require the interaction of several disciplines including neuroscience and cognitive science, as well as computer science, robotics, and machine learning. In this paper, I will discuss the implications of recent empirical successes in many applications, such as image categorizations, face identification, localization, action recognition through a machine learning technique called "deep learning," which is based on multi-layer or hierarchical neural networks. Such neural networks have become a central tool in machine learning.